Evaluation of methods for soil surface moisture estimation from reflectance data

The estimation of soil moisture from reflectance measurements in the solar spectral domain (400-2500 nm) was investigated. For this purpose, 18 soils representing a large range of permanent characteristics was considered. Reflectance data were measured in the laboratory during the soil drying process with a high spectral resolution spectroradiometer. Five approaches were compared. The first one was based on single-band reflectance and on the normalization of reflectance data by the reflectance of the corresponding soil under dry conditions. The second and the third approaches were based on either reflectance derivatives or absorbance derivatives. The fourth and fifth approaches were based on the differences of reflectance and absorbance observed in two non-consecutive bands. In the first step, the relationships were calibrated over half the dataset (nine soils) with emphasis on the selection of the most pertinent spectral bands. Results showed that, for the first approach, the bands corresponding to the highest water absorption capacities (1944 nm) yielded the best soil moisture retrieval performances. For the second and third approaches, the bands corresponding to sharp edges of the water absorption features performed better (1834 nm for the reflectance derivatives and 1622 nm for the absorbance derivatives). The fourth and fifth approaches that can be considered as a generalization of the derivative approach when bands are no longer consecutive, the best performances were achieved when the bands were not separated too much. The best overall retrieval performances were achieved with the absorbance derivatives and the difference of absorbance, confirming the non-linear character of the relationship between soil moisture and reflectance. The previously calibrated relations were tested over the evaluation dataset made of the nine remaining soils. It showed additionally that the normalization of reflectance values by that observed under dry conditions was only partly minimizing soil type effects. The best performances for the lowest soil moisture values (<0.20 m(3)/m(3)) were obtained with the reflectance derivatives. However, because of the non-linear behaviour for the highest soil moisture values, the derivatives of absorbance and difference of absorbance provided the best estimates for these moisture levels. Results were discussed in view of potential applications of high spectral resolution sensors.