Benchmarking of farms with automated milking systems in Canada and associations with milk production and quality

The objective of this study was to benchmark the herd-level housing and management strategies of automated milking system (AMS) farms across Canada and assess the associations of these herd-level housing factors and management practices with milk production and quality. Canadian AMS farms (n = 197; Western Canada: n = 50, Ontario: n = 77, Quebec: n = 59, Atlantic Canada: n = 11) were each visited once from April to September 2019, and details were collected related to barn design and herd management practices. Milk-recording data for the 6 mo before farm visits were collected. Farms averaged (+/- standard deviation) 110 +/- 102 lactating cows, 2.4 +/- 1.9 AMS units/farm, 47.5 +/- 14.9 cows/AMS, 36.7 +/- 5.0 kg/d of milk, 4.13 +/- 0.34% fat, 3.40 +/- 0.16% protein, and a herd-average somatic cell count of 186,400 +/- 80,800 cells/mL. Farms mainly used freestall housing systems (92.5%), organic bedding substrates (73.6%), and free flow cow traffic systems (87.8%); farms predominantly milked Holsteins (90.4%). Multivariable regression models were used to associate herd-level housing factors and management practices with milk production and quality. At the herd level, feed push-up frequency (mean = 12.8 +/- 8.3 times per day) and feed bunk space (mean = 64 +/- 21.5 cm/ cow) were positively associated with milk yield. Greater milk yield was associated with herds using inorganic (sand) versus organic bedding, milking Holsteins versus non-Holsteins, and using a form of mechanical ventilation versus natural ventilation alone. Milk fat and milk protein content were only associated with breed. Herds with lower somatic cell counts had more frequent alley cleaning (mean = 12.1 +/- 7.5 times per day), wider lying alleys (mean = 304.5 +/- 40.0 cm), and sand bedding. The results highlight the importance of using sand bedding, using mechanical ventilation, keeping feed pushed up, ensuring alleys are clean, and ensuring adequate space at the feed bunk for maintaining herd level productivity and milk quality in farms with AMS.