Mathematical modelling, performance evaluation and exergy analysis of a hybrid photovoltaic/thermal-solar thermoelectric system integrated with compound parabolic concentrator and parabolic trough concentrator

This article discusses the electrical and thermal performance of a hybrid concentrator photovoltaic thermal and solar thermoelectric generator (CPV/T-STEG) system using a compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) and a parabolic trough concentrator (PTC). For the first time, the idea of merging imaging and non-imaging concentrators for a CPV and TEG hybrid system is examined, providing an option to retrofit or remodel existing PTC-based CSP systems. The thermal resistance concept is applied to establish a steady-state mathematical model of the proposed hybrid CPV/T-STEG system. A Newton-Raphson iterative approach is employed to solve the mathematical model and compute the temperature in every layer of the hybrid system. After validation, the mathematical model is employed to evaluate the overall performance of the hybrid system. The modelling results revealed that the electrical and thermal output of the developed hybrid system were higher by 2 and 1.6 times, respectively, when compared with the prior parabolic trough-based hybrid CPV/T-STEG system described in the literature. The effects of ambient temperature, wind speed, flow rate, number of TEGs, and solar concentration ratio on the electrical and thermal performance were investigated. The optimal number of TEGs required for maximum electrical performance under different solar concentration ratios is also obtained. Finally, the hybrid system's exergy efficiency is investigated for various solar concentration ratios. The simulation results revealed that the increase in the Reynolds number from 100 to 2000 improves the net electrical and thermal efficiency by 10.21% and 5.7%, respectively. At a fixed solar concentration ratio (C-CPC = 4 suns and W-PTC = 2W(CPC)), the electrical efficiency of TEG drops by 81.4%, but the thermal efficiency increases by 16.81%, provided that the number of TEGs is increased from 1 to 17. The highest exergy of the hybrid system is 8.36% when C-CPC = 2 suns and W-PTC = 2W(CPC). Due to the poor efficiency of commercial TEGs, the overall exergy efficiency of the hybrid system decreases with an increasing solar concentration ratio. In the proposed hybrid system, a fluid channel separates both the PV and TEG modules; hence the electrical conversion efficiencies of both modules are not closely related.