Surgical treatment of symptomatic cavernous malformations of the brainstem

Introduction and objectives. Cavernous malformations (CM) at the level of the brainstem, continue to present a challenge in therapeutic terms and are an important source of controversy. Here we present our experience and the results obtained by adopting surgical treatment. Materials and methods. The results of a consecutive series of 17 patients were studied. The surgical intervention was designed after: 1. A neurological examination. 2. MRI and cerebral angiography. 3. Correlation with anatomical brainstem maps. The surgical intervention was approached from the most damaged zone or through a zone which was functionally least important. Results. Complete extirpation was achieved in 15 patients without mortality. In a few patients the surgical intervention temporarily aggravated the prior lesion of the cranial nerves (2/17) or damage new sensory tracts (2/17). The functional post-operative recovery was good, in terms of consciousness (4/5), cranial nerves (11/17), the pyramidal tract (3/5) and the cerebellum (2/4). Of the patients that were operated, 14 of 17 returned to their professional activities. Conclusions. The results of surgery can surpass the morbidity-mortality of the natural history or treatment with radiosurgery. There is a clear consensus in recommending surgical intervention for CMs that are superficially located, in young patients and in those with a risk of further bleeding. It is probably best that the surgery is performed during the subacute period, when the MRI offers a clear image confirming the presence of the CM.