Exploring healthcare professionals' perceptions of artificial intelligence: Validating a questionnaire using the e-Delphi method

Objective The aim of this study was to draw upon the collective knowledge of experts in the fields of health and technology to develop a questionnaire that measured healthcare professionals' perceptions of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Methods The panel for this study were carefully selected participants who demonstrated an interest and/or involvement in AI from the fields of health or information technology. Recruitment was accomplished via email which invited the panel member to participate and included study and consent information. Data were collected from three rounds in the form of an online survey, an online group meeting and email communication. A 75% median threshold was used to define consensus. Results Between January and March 2019, five healthcare professionals and three IT experts participated in three rounds of study to reach consensus on the structure and content of the questionnaire. In Round 1 panel members identified issues about general understanding of AI and achieved consensus on nine draft questionnaire items. In Round 2 the panel achieved consensus on demographic questions and comprehensive group discussion resulted in the development of two further questionnaire items for inclusion. In a final e-Delphi round, a draft of the final questionnaire was distributed via email to the panel members for comment. No further amendments were put forward and 100% consensus was achieved. Conclusion A modified e-Delphi method was used to validate and develop a questionnaire to explore healthcare professionals' perceptions of AI. The e-Delphi method was successful in achieving consensus from an interdisciplinary panel of experts from health and IT. Further research is recommended to test the reliability of this questionnaire.