HEURISTICS FOR p-CLASS TOWERS OF REAL QUADRATIC FIELDS

Let p be an odd prime. For a number field K, we let K-infinity be the maximal unramified pro-p extension of K; we call the group Gal(K-infinity/K) the p -class tower group of K. In a previous work, as a non-abelian generalization of the work of Cohen and Lenstra on ideal class groups, we studied how likely it is that a given finite p-group occurs as the p -class tower group of an imaginary quadratic field. Here we do the same for an arbitrary real quadratic field K as base. As before, the action of Gal(K/Q) on the p-class tower group of K plays a crucial role; however, the presence of units of infinite order in the ground field significantly complicates the possibilities for the groups that can occur. We also sharpen our results in the imaginary quadratic field case by removing a certain hypothesis, using ideas of Boston and Wood. In the appendix, we show how the probabilities introduced for finite p-groups can be extended in a consistent way to the infinite pro-p groups which can arise in both the real and imaginary quadratic settings.