Alginate/silica hybrid materials for immobilization of green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris for cell-based sensor arrays

Thin layers and patterned dot arrays of sodium alginate containing living microalgal cells were deposited onto glass carriers which were subsequently gelled using amino-functionalized silica sol to obtain reinforced alginate hydrogels. The resulting alginate/silica hybrid materials showed improved stability in salt-containing solutions compared to alginate gels gelled by traditional methods using Ca2+-ions. Cell arrays were patterned by printing nanolitre-scale drops of sodium alginate/cell suspension using a non-contact micro-dosage system which allows the printing of solutions of high viscosity. Cultures of the green microalga Chlorella vulgaris were immobilized within the newly developed alginate/silica hydrogels in order to demonstrate the potential of the hybrid matrix for the design of cell-based detection systems. The herbicide atrazine as well as copper ions have been used as model toxicants. Short-term toxicity tests (exposure time: 1 h) have been carried out using atrazine and changes in chlorophyll a (Chl a) fluorescence were measured by imaging pulse amplitude modulated-fluorometry (Imaging-PAM). C. vulgaris cells immobilized within alginate/silica hydrogels demonstrated a highly reproducible response pattern and compared well to freely suspended cells. Activity and response sensitivity of immobilized cells to atrazine was largely maintained for up to 8 weeks, especially when stored under cool conditions in the dark. Furthermore, immobilized cells could be repeatingly used for short-term toxicity tests as atrazine produces a reversible inhibition of photosynthesis.