Role of Gut Microbiota in Pathogenesis and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

In developing countries, Type-2 Diabetes mellitus accounts for 80% of premature mortality. T2DM is characterized by a combination of low production of pancreatic beta cell insulin and peripheral resistance to insulin. The gut microbiota is well known for its function in human health preservation. Altering the composition of the microbiota affects the host reaction to the metabolism of lipids, glucose and carbohydrates. Alteration in gut microbiota composition is associated with T2DM through diminished beneficial effects of short chain fatty acids. There have been reports that suggest the effect of antidiabetics occurs through gut modulation. Modern probiotics have been developed, and the mechanisms underlying their beneficial effects on T2DM have been elucidated. By restoring intestinal functional integrity and reversing gut dysbiosis, manipulating the gut microbiota may be advantageous in T2DM. Human intestinal microbiota is thought to be a possible source of novel therapies for metabolic disorders like T2DM. This treatment is completely safe, reliable, and has no side effects and also it is also very easy to obtain. More evidence from human trials is needed to validate the beneficial effects of probiotics.