Atmospheric histories and global emissions of halons H-1211 (CBrClF2), H-1301 (CBrF3), and H-2402 (CBrF2CBrF2)

被引：24

作者：

Vollmer, Martin K. ^{[1
]}

Muhle, Jens ^{[2
]}

Trudinger, Cathy M. ^{[3
]}

Rigby, Matthew ^{[4
]}

Montzka, Stephen A. ^{[5
]}

Harth, Christina M. ^{[2
]}

Miller, Benjamin R. ^{[5
,6
]}

Henne, Stephan ^{[1
]}

Krummel, Paul B. ^{[3
]}

Hall, Bradley D. ^{[5
]}

Young, Dickon ^{[4
]}

Kim, Jooil ^{[2
]}

Arduini, Jgor ^{[7
,8
]}

Wenger, Angelina ^{[4
]}

Yao, Bo ^{[9
]}

Reimann, Stefan ^{[1
]}

O'Doherty, Simon ^{[4
]}

Maione, Michela ^{[7
,8
]}

Etheridge, David M. ^{[3
]}

Li, Shanlan ^{[10
]}

Verdonik, Daniel P. ^{[11
]}

Park, Sunyoung ^{[10
]}

Dutton, Geoff ^{[5
,6
]}

Steele, L. Paul ^{[3
]}

Lunder, Chris R. ^{[12
]}

Rhee, Tae Siek ^{[13
]}

Hermansen, Ove ^{[12
]}

Schmidbauer, Norbert ^{[12
]}

Wang, Ray H. J. ^{[14
]}

Hill, Matthias ^{[1
]}

Salameh, Peter K. ^{[2
]}

Langenfelds, Ray L. ^{[3
]}

Zhou, Lingxi ^{[15
]}

Blunier, Thomas ^{[16
]}

Schwander, Jakob ^{[17
,18
]}

Elkins, James W. ^{[5
]}

Butler, James H. ^{[5
]}

Simmonds, Peter G. ^{[4
]}

Weiss, Ray F. ^{[2
]}

Prinn, Ronald G. ^{[19
]}

Fraser, Paul J. ^{[3
]}

机构：

[1] Empa, Swiss Fed Labs Mat Sci & Technol, Lab Air Pollut & Environm Technol, Dubendorf, Switzerland

[2] Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA

[3] CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Aspendale, Vic, Australia

[4] Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Atmospher Chem Res Grp, Bristol, Avon, England

[5] NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA

[6] Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA

[7] Univ Urbino, Dept Pure & Appl Sci, I-61029 Urbino, Italy

[8] Italian Natl Res Council, Inst Atmospher Sci & Climate, Bologna, Italy

[9] China Meteorol Adm, Meteorol Observat Ctr, Beijing, Peoples R China

[10] Kyungpook Natl Univ, Kyungpook Inst Oceanog, Taegu 702701, South Korea

[11] JENSEN HUGHES, Baltimore, MD USA

[12] Norwegian Inst Air Res, Kjeller, Norway

[13] KIOST, Korea Polar Res Inst, Inchon, South Korea

[14] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA

[15] China Meteorol Adm, Chinese Acad Meteorol Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China

[16] Univ Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Inst, Ctr Ice & Climate, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark

[17] Univ Bern, Inst Phys, Climate & Environm Phys, Bern, Switzerland

[18] Univ Bern, Oeschger Ctr Climate Change Res, Bern, Switzerland

[19] MIT, Ctr Global Change Sci, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA

来源：

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES | 2016年 / 121卷 / 07期

基金：

英国自然环境研究理事会;

关键词：

halons; ozone depletion; bromine; OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIALS; PARTICLE DISPERSION MODEL; IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; POLAR FIRN; MONTREAL PROTOCOL; AIR; TRENDS; HALOCARBONS; GASES; GROWTH;

D O I：

10.1002/2015JD024488

中图分类号：

P4 [大气科学（气象学）];

学科分类号：

0706 ; 070601 ;

摘要：

We report ground-based atmospheric measurements and emission estimates for the halons H-1211 (CBrClF2), H-1301 (CBrF3), and H-2402 (CBrF2CBrF2) from the AGAGE (Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration global networks. We also include results from archived air samples in canisters and from polar firn in both hemispheres, thereby deriving an atmospheric record of nearly nine decades (1930s to present). All three halons were absent from the atmosphere until approximate to 1970, when their atmospheric burdens started to increase rapidly. In recent years H-1211 and H-2402 mole fractions have been declining, but H-1301 has continued to grow. High-frequency observations show continuing emissions of H-1211 and H-1301 near most AGAGE sites. For H-2402 the only emissions detected were derived from the region surrounding the Sea of Japan/East Sea. Based on our observations, we derive global emissions using two different inversion approaches. Emissions for H-1211 declined from a peak of 11ktyr(-1) (late 1990s) to 3.9ktyr(-1) at the end of our record (mean of 2013-2015), for H-1301 from 5.4ktyr(-1) (late 1980s) to 1.6ktyr(-1), and for H-2402 from 1.8ktyr(-1) (late 1980s) to 0.38ktyr(-1). Yearly summed halon emissions have decreased substantially; nevertheless, since 2000 they have accounted for approximate to 30% of the emissions of all major anthropogenic ozone depletion substances, when weighted by ozone depletion potentials.

引用

页码：3663 / 3686

页数：24