Derailed Intraneuronal Signalling Drives Pathogenesis in Sporadic and Familial Alzheimer's Disease

Although a wide variety of genetic and nongenetic Alzheimer's disease ( AD) risk factors have been identified, their role in onset and/or progression of neuronal degeneration remains elusive. Systematic analysis of AD risk factors revealed that perturbations of intraneuronal signalling pathways comprise a common mechanistic denominator in both familial and sporadic AD and that such alterations lead to increases in A beta oligomers (A beta o) formation and phosphorylation of TAU. Conversely, A beta o and TAU impact intracellular signalling directly. This feature entails binding of A beta o to membrane receptors, whereas TAU functionally interacts with downstream transducers. Accordingly, we postulate a positive feedback mechanism in which AD risk factors or genes trigger perturbations of intraneuronal signalling leading to enhanced A beta o formation and TAU phosphorylation which in turn further derange signalling. Ultimately intraneuronal signalling becomes deregulated to the extent that neuronal function and survival cannot be sustained, whereas the resulting elevated levels of amyloidogenic A beta o and phosphorylated TAU species self-polymerizes into the AD plaques and tangles, respectively.