Tuberculosis in Children Hospitalized in a Low-burden Country Description and Risk Factors of Severe Disease

Background: In high-income countries, few pediatric studies have described the clinical expression of tuberculosis (TB) according to age, and their results are discordant. Patients Methods: All children (<18 years of age) admitted with TB disease to the Robert Debre University Hospital, Paris, between 1992 and 2015 were included. Patients were classified by the severity of TB disease based on the original classification of Wiseman et al. Risk factors associated with severity were analyzed. Results: We included 304 patients with a median age of 9.9 years (interquartile range 3.3-13.3) and a male to female ratio of 1.04. Overall, 280/304 (92%) were classified: 168/304 (55%) were classified as showing severe TB and 112/304 (37%) as showing non-severe TB. Central nervous system disease was more frequent among patients <2 years of age than patients 2-17 years of age (5/54; 9% vs. 5/229; 2% P = 0.024). An age of >= 10 years (P = 0.001) and being born abroad (P = 0.011) were both associated with disease severity in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, diagnosis through symptom-based screening was independently associated with severity (odds ratio 7.1, 95% confidence interval: 3.9-12.9, P < 0.0001). Conclusions: This description of the clinical spectrum of pediatric TB in a low-burden setting demonstrates that adolescents are the group most at risk of experiencing severe TB.