Can brook trout survive climate change in large rivers? If it rains

We provide an assessment of thermal characteristics and climate change vulnerability for brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) habitats in the upper Shavers Fork sub-watershed, West Virginia. Spatial and temporal (2001-2015) variability in observed summer (6/1-8/31) stream temperatures was quantified in 23 (9 tributary, 14 main-stem) reaches. We developed a mixed effects model to predict site-specific mean daily stream temperature from air temperature and discharge and coupled this model with a hydrologic model to predict future (2016-2100) changes in stream temperature under low (RCP 4.5) and high (RCP 8.5) emissions scenarios. Observed mean daily stream temperature exceeded the 21 degrees C brook trout physiological threshold in all but one main-stem site, and 3 sites exceeded proposed thermal limits for either 63-and7-day mean stream temperature. We modeled mean daily stream temperature with a high degree of certainty (R-2 = 0.93; RMSE = 0.76 degrees C). Predicted increases in mean daily stream temperature in main-stem and tributary reaches ranged from 0.2 degrees C (RCP 4.5) to 1.2 degrees C (RCP 8.5). Between 2091 and 2100, the average number of days with mean daily stream temperature > 21 degrees C increased within main-stem sites under the RCP 4.5 (0-1.2 days) and 8.5 (0-13) scenarios; however, no site is expected to exceed 63-or7-day thermal limits. During the warmest 10 years, = 5 main-stem sites exceeded the 63-or7-day thermal tolerance limits under both climate emissions scenarios. Years with the greatest increases in stream temperature were characterized by low mean daily discharge. Main-stem reaches below major tributaries never exceed thermal limits, despite neighboring reaches having among the highest observed and predicted stream temperatures. Persistence of thermal refugia within upper Shavers Fork would enable persistence of metapopulation structure and life history processes. However, this will only be possible if projected increases in discharge are realized and offset expected increases in air temperature. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.