Ecological research in the tropical alpine ecosystems of the Venezuelan paramo: past, present and future

Background: Tropical mountain ecosystems of the Northern Andes have long fascinated researchers because of the unique conditions associated with cold climates in equatorial latitudes. More than six decades have elapsed since the beginning of systematic ecological research in the Venezuelan paramos, making them one of the best-studied tropical alpine regions in the world. Aims: We review the conceptual development and state of the art of ecological research in the Venezuelan paramos, with emphasis on environmental and plant ecology research, presenting a general framework for the studies included in this special issue. Methods: We provide a historical sketch of the periods that have marked ecological studies in the Venezuelan paramos. Then, we synthesise research on environmental drivers, plant population and community ecology, ecosystem functioning, the response of the paramo to climate change and human disturbance; we finally consider agroecology and conservation. Results and conclusions: This review demonstrates the significant contributions made to alpine ecology in key areas such as biodiversity/ecosystem function changes during succession, nutrient cycling, species interactions and socio-ecological research. We indicate the need to develop a more integrated view of the links between evolutionary processes, functional diversity, community dynamics and ecosystem services both in natural and human-impacted areas.