Coronavirus disease 2019 and coagulopathy: other prothrombotic coagulation factors

There is an increasing evidence supporting the existence of coagulopathy in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Most of reports are mainly focused on d-dimer. Our objective is to describe coagulation parameters in these patients that could be involved in a hypercoagulate state and to test platelet function to see if there are short closure times. We analyzed coagulation samples from 80 patients admitted with COVID-19 in our hospital. We also tested platelet function by closure times in a small subgroup of patients. Most of samples had increased d-dimer (96.2%) (median of d-dimer: 1158 ng/ml FEU), increased fibrinogen (75.2%) (median: 5.23 g/l), increased factor VIII (86%) (median: 264.8 U/dl), decreased protein S (22.5% of women, 62.5% of men) (median: 62.8 and 68.5 U/dl, respectively), decreased protein C (7.6%) (median: 100 U/dl), decreased factor XII (25.3%) (median: 90.3 U/dl) and decreased antithrombin activity (21%) (median: 86 U/dl). International normalized ratio was higher than normal in 24 patients (30%) (median: 1.13). The activated partial thromboplastin time ratio was below the normal range in nine patients (11.2%) and above normal in three (3.75%) (median: 0.93). The closure times were short in the 20% and 40% of samples of collagen and ADP and collagen and epinephrine, respectively. Twelve of the 80 patients (15%) had a thrombotic event and all had several abnormal coagulation parameters related with increased thrombotic risk. The results of this study support a hypercoagulability state in COVID-19 patients and it may help to explain the microvascular thrombosis caused by the inflammatory response.