Revisiting territories of relegation: Class, ethnicity and state in the making of advanced marginality

In the postindustrial city, relegation takes the form of real or imaginary consignment to distinctive sociospatial formations variously and vaguely referred to as inner cities,' ghettos,' enclaves,' no-go areas,' problem districts' or simply rough neighborhoods'. How are we to characterise and differentiate these spaces; what determines their trajectory (birth, growth, decay and death); whence comes the intense stigma attached to them; and what constellations of class, ethnicity and state do they both materialise and signify? These are the questions I pursued in my book Urban Outcasts (Wacquant, 2008a) through a methodical comparison of the trajectories of the black American ghetto and the European working-class peripheries in the era of neoliberal ascendancy. In this article, I revisit this cross-continental sociology of advanced marginality' to tease out its broader lessons for our understanding of the tangled nexus of symbolic, social and physical space in the polarising metropolis at century's threshold in particular, and for bringing the core principles of Bourdieu's sociology to bear on comparative urban studies in general.