Inductive Heating Assisted-Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Tetralin as a Hydrogen Source for Downhole Catalytic Upgrading of Heavy Oil

The Toe-to-Heel Air Injection (THAI) combined with a catalytic add-on (CAPRI, CATalytic upgrading PRocess In-situ) have been a subject of investigation since 2002. The major challenges have been catalyst deactivation due to coke deposition and low temperatures (similar to 300 degrees C) of the mobilised hot oil flowing over the catalyst packing around the horizontal well. Tetralin has been used to suppress coke formation and also improve upgraded oil quality due to its hydrogen-donor capability. Herein, inductive heating (IH) incorporated to the horizontal production well is investigated as one means to resolve the temperature shortfall. The effect of reaction temperature on tetralin dehydrogenation and hydrogen evolution over NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst at 250-350 degrees C, catalyst-to-steel ball ratio (70% v/v), 18 bar and 0.75 h(-1) was investigated. As temperature increased from 250 to 350 degrees C, tetralin conversion increased from 40 to 88% while liberated hydrogen increased from 0.36 to 0.88 mol based on 0.61 mol of tetralin used. The evolved hydrogen in situ hydrogenated unreacted tetralin to trans and cis-decalins with the selectivity of cis-decalin slightly more at 250 degrees C while at 300-350 degrees C trans-decalin showed superior selectivity. With IH the catalyst bed temperature was closer to the desired temperature (300 degrees C) with a mean of 299.2 degrees C while conventional heating is 294.3 degrees C. This thermal advantage and the nonthermal effect from electromagnetic field under IH improved catalytic activity and reaction rate, though coke formation increased.