Valorization of livestock manure for bioenergy production: A perspective on the fates and conversion of antibiotics

Land application of livestock manure is a common waste utilization process that improves soil fertility and increases food production, while antibiotics in livestock manure posed potential threat to human and ecological health when applied to agricultural fields. Biological, thermochemical and bioelectrochemical technologies have been widely investigated to stabilize livestock manure and produce bioenergy. However, systematic information on the fates and conversion of antibiotics is still unclear. Therefore, this review first estimated the distribution of antibiotics in livestock manure. Additionally, the recent advances on the fates and degradation of antibiotics in livestock manure during the bioenergy production processes were summarized. Furthermore, the removal mechanisms of antibiotics by different treatment technologies, as well as their challenges and prospects were discussed. This review explored the research implications and proposed new avenues in the field of bioenergy conversion of livestock manure from a perspective of fates and conversion of antibiotics.