Phlebotomine (Diptera: Psychodidae) fauna in a cavern containing cave paintings and its surrounding environment, Central-West Brazil

The interior of caves usually presents climate, light, soil, flora and fauna that distinguish it from the external environment. Among the sandfly species found in caves, several may act as vectors of Leishmania spp. and others are a nuisance to humans due to their painful bites. This study sought to identify the phlebotomine fauna in a cavern with cave paintings ("Gruta do Pitoco") which attract tourists in Alcinopolis municipality, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. The sandflies were collected from March 2014 to September 2015, with automatic light traps, installed monthly, in the entrance and interior of the cave and outside it. A total of 7645 specimens belonging to 27 species were collected. Lutzomyia dispar, Martinsmyia oliverai and those of the Lu. longipalpis complex (Lu. cruzi and Lu. longipalpis) were the predominant species. Among the three environments sampled, no great difference between species richness was observed. Comparing these environments, the interior of the cave presented the lowest diversity index due to the high frequency of Lu. dispar (46%). For the first time, specimens (only females) of the genus Deanemyia were collected in Mato Grosso do Sul state. Moreover, the study revealed the sympatric occurrence of Lu. cruzi and Lu. longipalpis, both proven vectors of L. infantum, and also Lu. dispar, a highly anthropophilic species, which often causes annoyance to those who visit the cave.