Laser Processing Methods for Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules

The perovskite photovoltaic technology is now transitioning from basic research to the pre-industrialization phase. In order to achieve reliable and high-performance commercial perovskite solar modules, high throughput manufacturing technologies must now be adapted to the specific constraints and requirements imposed by the perovskite solar cells unique new chemistries, film deposition methodologies, and encapsulation requirements. Laser technologies will play an important role in the industrialization of these devices, both to achieve high active surface area modules and for the deposition and/or treatment of the critical layers. Industrial lasers will be essential to achieve active areas greater than 95% of the total area to retain the benefits of the very high performances reported for <1 cm(2) laboratory cells. The speed of laser processing for the preparation of interconnects is unrivalled by comparison to other structuring methods. Recent reports of the use of lasers in upscaling perovskite solar cells are presented and analyzed here.