Surgical Indications and Outcomes of Resection for Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors with Vascular Involvement

Simple Summary Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) are a heterogenous group of rare epithelial neoplasms. For most patients, surgery remains the only treatment modality to cure pNETs, and is recommended for patients with surgically resectable disease. Many of these tumors are non-functional tumors and do not produce clinical symptoms, so patients may present with locally advanced tumors, which invade surrounding organs or neighboring blood vessels. The presence of vascular involvement had previously been considered a contraindication to surgery, but, in recent years, at centers with considerable experience, aggressive surgery to remove pNETs with vascular reconstruction has been performed safely and with good long-term survival. In this review, we will discuss the considerations for resectability, review novel surgical approaches, and present the available evidence on the immediate and long-term postoperative outcomes. Complete surgical resection of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) has been suggested as the only potentially curative treatment. A proportion of these tumors will present late during disease progression, and invade or encase surrounding vasculature; therefore, surgical treatment of locally advanced disease remains controversial. The role of surgery with vascular reconstruction in pNETs is not well defined, and there is considerable variability in the use of aggressive surgery for these tumors. Accurate preoperative assessment is critical to evaluate individual considerations, such as anatomical variants, areas and lengths of vessel involvement, proximal and distal targets, and collateralization secondary to the degree of occlusion. Surgical approaches to address pNETs with venous involvement may include thrombectomy, traditional vein reconstruction, a reconstruction-first approach, or mesocaval shunting. Although the amount of literature on pNETs with vascular reconstruction is limited to case reports and small institutional series, the last two decades of studies have demonstrated that aggressive resection of these tumors can be performed safely and with acceptable long-term survival.