Geometric accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging-derived virtual 3-dimensional bone surface models of the mandible in comparison to computed tomography and cone beam computed tomography: A porcine cadaver study

Background Providing accurate 3-dimensional virtual bone surface models is a prerequisite for virtual surgical planning and additive manufacturing in craniomaxillofacial surgery. For this purpose, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be a radiation-free alternative to computed tomography (CT) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Purpose The aim of this study was to assess the geometric accuracy of 3-dimensional T1-weighted MRI-derived virtual bone surface models of the mandible in comparison to CT and CBCT. Materials and methods Specimens of the mandible from porcine cadavers were scanned with (1) a 3-dimensional T1-weighted MRI sequence (0.6 mm isotropic voxel) optimized for bone imaging, (2) CT, and (3) CBCT. Cortical mandibular structures (n = 10) were segmented using semiautomated and manual techniques. Imaging-based virtual 3-dimensional models were aligned with a high-resolution optical 3-dimensional surface scan of the dissected bone (=ground truth) and global geometric deviations were calculated (mean surface distance [MSD]/root-mean-square distance [RMSD]). Agreement between the imaging modalities was assessed by equivalence testing and Bland-Altman analysis. Results Intra- and inter-rater agreement was on a high level for all modalities. Global geometric deviations (MSD/RMSD) between optical scans and imaging modalities were 0.225 +/- 0.020 mm/0.345 +/- 0.074 mm for CT, 0.280 +/- 0.067 mm/0.371 +/- 0.074 mm for MRI, and 0.352 +/- 0.076 mm/0.454 +/- 0.071 mm for CBCT. All imaging modalities were statistically equivalent within an equivalence margin of +/- 0.3 mm, and Bland-Altman analysis indicated high agreement as well. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that the accuracy and reliability of MRI-derived virtual 3-dimensional bone surface models is equal to CT and CBCT. MRI may be considered as a reliable alternative to CT and CBCT in computer-assisted craniomaxillofacial surgery.