The critical period for weed seed control: A proposed framework to limit weed seed return

Proliferation of herbicide-resistant weeds demands re-evaluation of fundamental weed control objectives. Yield loss mitigation remains a priority, but limiting weed seed return (WSR) to the soil seedbank is key to preventing herbicide-resistant annual weeds from multiplying. The critical period for weed seed control (CPWSC) is the period of the growing season during which weed control can minimise weed seed production. The CPWSC provides a framework to limit WSR by targeting weeds during phenological stages critical for seed development. We aim to (a) introduce the CPWSC concept, (b) provide an example using Bassia scoparia as a model species and (c) offer a framework for future research.