Effect of unconventional water resources interventions on the management of Gaza Coastal Aquifer in Palestine

The non-conventional water resources of seawater desalination, wastewater treatment, and stormwater harvesting are promising water resources to enhance the water supply and to cope with the groundwater depletion of the Gaza Coastal Aquifer (GCA). In total, the current daily operation of the short-term low-volume (STLV) seawater desalination plants produces 36,000 m(3) and on the large-scale perspective, the seawater desalination capacity is planned to lift from 150,000 to 300,000 m(3) per day by the years 2025 and 2035, respectively. The wastewater treatment and reuse activities are processed through three wastewater treatment plants with a total daily capacity of 130,000 m(3) which is proposed to be lifted to a capacity of 235,000 m(3) by the beginning of 2025. The stormwater collecting and harvesting supply the water sector by about 550-820 cubic meters per day. The proposed stochastic and artificial intelligence model that was developed in this study to simulate the interactive conditions between the groundwater and the water intervention plan show proper performance in terms of (r) = 0.95-0.99 and the root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.09-0.21. The model outputs reveal that the annual groundwater abstractions will reach 192 million cubic meters by 2040 with an annual increasing rate of +3%. By applying the model, the optimum utilizing of the unconventional water resources contributes positively to the recovery of the GCA which is experiencing a decline hot spot in the water level reaches to -19 m below mean sea level (MSL) and is expected to drop to -28 m MSL by 2040. The impact of unconventional water resources interventions was investigated by simulating the water table trend using stochastic models and artificial neural networks (ANNs) through three scenarios. The first scenario which addresses the non-intervention status indicates that the groundwater table will decline by -1.5% in the northern governorates and by -51% in the southern governorates of the Gaza Strip within 2020-2040. The second scenario demonstrates the impact of the existing water interventions which reveals an interim recovery in the groundwater balance until 2025 where the water consumption tends to increase rapidly. The third scenario illustrates the impact of applying the full water management intervention plan where the depression cone in the groundwater level will be restored by about +10 m.