What rheumatologists can learn from pneumologists

Pulmonary involvement in patients with underlying autoimmune diseases poses a major diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to the treating physician. Due to the associated increased mortality risk, early diagnosis is crucial. The incidence and mortality rate of connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung diseases (CTD-ILD) and pulmonary hypertension (PH) were evaluated in patients with rheumatic disease including clinical aspects, diagnostic procedure, prognosis and treatment recommendations. An analysis of remarkable publications was carried out and guidelines are presented. The CTD-ILD and PH are frequent comorbidities with significantly increased mortality risk, especially in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). In primary fibrotic and non-inflammatory CTD-ILD, as occurs especially in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, immunosuppressive therapy is only partially effective. Currently, in some eligible patients only lung transplantation remains as a definitive therapy. The diagnostics and treatment of CTD-ILD and PH in patients with an underlying autoimmune disease requires an interdisciplinary approach. The effectiveness of antifibrotic treatment needs to be evaluated in the future.