Small Liposomes Accelerate the Fibrillation of Amyloid β (1-40)

The deposition of amyloid beta (A beta) peptides is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer disease. A beta peptides were previously considered to interact specifically with ganglioside-containing membranes. Several studies have suggested that A beta peptides also bind to phosphatidylcholine membranes, which lead to deformation of membranes and fibrillation of A beta. Moreover, the role of membrane curvature, one type of deformation produced by binding of proteins to a membrane, in the binding and fibrillation of A beta remains unclear. To clearly understand the relationship between the binding, consequent membrane deformation, and fibrillation of A beta, we examined the amyloid fibrillation of A beta-(1-40) in the presence of liposomes of various sizes. Membrane curvature increased with a decrease in the size of the liposomes. We used liposomes made of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine to eliminate electrostatic effects. The results obtained showed that liposomes of smaller sizes (<= 50 nm) significantly accelerated the nucleation step, thereby shortening the lag time of fibrillation. On the other hand, liposomes of larger sizes decreased the amount of fibrils but did not notably affect the lag time. The morphologies of fibrils, which were monitored by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, revealed that the length of A beta -(1-40) fibrils became shorter and the amount of amorphous aggregates became larger as liposomes increased in size. These results suggest that the curvature of membranes coupled with an increase in water-accessible hydrophobic regions is important for binding and concentrating A beta monomers, leading to amyloid nucleation. Furthermore, amyloid fibrillation on membranes may compete with non-productive binding to produce amorphous aggregates.