Using 250-M Surface Reflectance MODIS Aqua/Terra Product to Estimate Turbidity in a Macro-Tidal Harbour: Darwin Harbour, Australia

Turbidity is an indicator of the quality of water and usually exhibits variability associated with changing hydrodynamic conditions, which can be reflected in the sediment dynamics in coastal regions. Darwin Harbour is a typical macro-tidal, well mixed, and complex environment influenced by industries, human activities, and natural factors-including winds, currents, river discharges, waves, and tides. As a case study, hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics in Darwin Harbour are investigated using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) measurements. This study focuses on understanding the variability of turbidity, mechanisms that control the variations of turbidity and analyzing field data to determine the main factors that influence the sediment dynamics in Darwin Harbour. The results of this study illustrate the seasonal turbidity variation is mainly influenced by the wind waves. The dredging campaigns in 2013 and 2014 wet seasons contributed to the rise of turbidity in Darwin Harbour. The action of tidal currents appears to be the dominant factor controlling the turbidity pattern in a spring-neap cycle and the turbidity intra-tidal variation. In addition, the turbidity maximum zone (TMZ) near Charles Point is formed by the tidal current convergence based on the results of current modelling.