The role of community pharmacists in delivering interventions for osteoporosis: A systematic review

Background: Osteoporosis is a major public health concern, given that disease prevalence is expected to substantially increase due to the aging population. Community pharmacists can play a key role in the identification and management of chronic diseases. Objectives: The purpose of this systematic review was to present an overview of the literature on the role of community pharmacists in providing osteoporosis interventions to patients. The secondary objective was to assess the impact of these interventions on patient outcomes. Methods: A literature search was conducted in Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, MEDLINE, andWeb of Science from database inception to March 2021. The search was limited to human studies in the English language. Primary studies were included if they described or assessed a patientdirected osteoporosis intervention conducted by community pharmacists. The following data were extracted and tabulated: citation, study location, study design, subject, number of participants, nature of intervention, classification of intervention, outcome measures, measurement methods, findings, and effect. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2) and Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies (ROBINS-I). Results: Twenty-one studies were included in this review. The main interventions were education, screening, and medication management. Nineteen of these studies reported patient outcomes, all yielding positive outcomes. Outcomes included increased physician follow-up, risk factor reduction, increased osteoporosis knowledge, increased medication adherence, identification of medication-related problems, and positive patient-reported experience measures (PREMs). Three studies were considered to have a moderate risk of bias, whereas the remaining 18 studies had a high risk of bias. Conclusion: There is some evidence that pharmacist-led osteoporosis interventions have a positive impact on patient outcomes. More high-quality studies using objective outcome measures are needed to determine whether this translates into clinical outcomes such as decreased hospitalization and fractures. (c) 2022 American Pharmacists Association (R). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.