From joint forest management to more smallholder-based community forestry: prospects and challenges in Java']Java, Indonesia

The present study attempts to provide implications on how transitions from forest administration-led joint forest management to more smallholder-based community forestry would be possible drawing on the recent situations on the island of Java in Indonesia. The P.39 2017 scheme is a community forestry approach under the jurisdiction of the State Forestry Corporation (SFC) in Java, with greater smallholder initiatives than the existing joint forest management program. The study consists of an institutional analysis and village case study related to the P.39 2017 scheme. Initial antagonism and resistance from local SFC staff were mitigated as the process advanced. Approximately half of the informant smallholders expected greater tenure security from the scheme. However, one third of informants had no idea about the scheme and, even among those who were interested, knowledge of the regulations was lacking. Complex realities of forestland encroachment by smallholders were also confirmed. These results suggest that 1) higher-rank officials' understanding and positive attitudes can effectively facilitate democratic transitions and 2) existing de facto use of forestland should be considered for actual implementation of the scheme. The first step is to make necessary information and resources accessible to all participants. It is also important to create a governance structure to ensure an equitable and realistic process of reforestation considering existing complex situations of forestland cultivation, and to promote the engagement of supportive stakeholders to mobilize financial and technical resources.