Antisense suppression of the chloride intracellular channel family induces apoptosis, enhances tumor necrosis factor α-induced apoptosis, and inhibits tumor growth

mtCLIC/CLIC4 is a p53 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) regulated intracellular chloride channel protein that localizes to cytoplasm and organelles and induces apoptosis when overexpressed in several cell types of mouse and human origin. CLIC4 is elevated during TNFalpha-induced apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cell lines. In contrast, inhibition of NFkappaB results in an increase in TNFalpha-mediated apoptosis with a decrease in CLIC4 protein levels. Cell lines expressing an inducible CLIC4-antisense construct that also reduces the expression of several other chloride intracellular channel (CLIC) family proteins were established in the human osteosarcoma lines SaOS and U2OS cells and a malignant derivative of the mouse squamous papilloma line SP1 Reduction of CLIC family proteins by antisense expression caused apoptosis in these cells. Moreover, CLIC4-antisense induction increased TNFa-mediated apoptosis in both the SaOS and U2OS derivative cell lines without altering TNFalpha-induced NFkappaB activity. Reducing CLIC proteins in tumor grafts of SPI cells expressing a tetracycline-regulated CLIC4-antisense substantially inhibited tumor growth and induced tumor apoptosis. Administration of TNFalpha. i.p. modestly enhanced the antitumor effect of CLIC reduction in vivo. These results suggest that CLIC proteins could serve as drug targets for cancer therapy, and reduction of CLIC proteins could enhance the activity of other anticancer drugs.