Cellular Responses of Gelidium floridanum (Gelidiales, Rhodophyta) Tetraspores Under Heat Wave and Copper Pollution

Spore settlement and development are bottlenecks for resilience of habitat-forming macroalgal species. These processes are directly related to temperature, a global stressor protagonist of ocean warming. The toxic effects of local pollutants such as copper may be worsened under a global warming scenario. Therefore, in this paper, we investigated the effects of increased temperature combined with elevated concentrations of copper on the viability, photosynthetic pigments, and ultrastructure of Gelidium floridanum tetraspores. Tetraspores were cultivated on slides with sterilized seawater or seawater enriched with CuCl2, and incubated under 24 degrees C or 30 degrees C for 24 h. Tetraspores cultivated with copper 3.0 mu M under 30 degrees C had lower viability. Both temperature and copper had a significant effect on phycocyanin and phycoerythrin concentrations. Samples cultivated with copper under 30 degrees C presented a heavily altered cellular structure, with vesicles throughout the cytoplasm, chloroplasts with altered structure and cells with degenerated cytoplasm and cell walls. Our findings show that temperature and copper significantly affect the viability, photosynthetic pigments, and ultrastructure of G. floridanum tetraspores, presenting an additive interaction for the physiology of this seaweed's early stages.