Impact of Wind-Based Distributed Generation on Electric Energy in Distribution Systems Embedded With Electric Vehicles

In this paper, the synergy between wind-based distributed generation (DG) and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) is studied. Monte Carlo is used to address the uncertainties associated with wind speed variations and charging of PEVs hence simulating their impact at the distribution system (DS) level considering different DG penetration (up to 35%) and different PEV penetration (up to 50%). The excess in active/reactive power, energy exceeding normal (EEN), unserved energy (UE), and energy losses are investigated in this study. Forty-eight penetration scenarios involving DGs and PEVs are studied in this work and simulated in the IEEE 123-bus radial power distribution test system after modeling its secondary circuit in OpenDSS. The results of the simulation show that 30% wind-based DG penetration may be adequate to supply the active energy needed to charge PEVs. However, this might result in a reverse reactive power flow back to the substation.