Human-Machine Intelligence: Frigates are Intelligent Organisms

Human control over artificial agents is of increased importance today given the recent advances of artificial intelligence and its impact on today's societies. This makes interdisciplinary cooperation especially between human-factors/ergonomics and artificial intelligence an important challenge that needs to be addressed. In addition to the common bridge that exists between human-factors/ergonomics and artificial intelligence, i.e., the balanced integration of humans and artificial agents into one loop, we reinterpret the work of cognitive systems engineering and resilience engineering as human-machine intelligence. The goal of human-machine intelligence is to understand and create intelligence in the homo machina, an intelligent organism made of human- and artificial agents. We define intelligence in a way that highlights decision making and adaptation and apply this definition to the design of the homo machina. This creates a unified viewpoint which fosters a shared approach between human-factors/ergonomics, artificial intelligence, and cognitive psychology.