Pm10 retrieval over the water surface of penang straits from landsat TM5 data

In this study, we used the Landsat TM data captured on 9 March 2006 for the retrieval of PM 10 over the water surface of Penang Straits, Malaysia. PM 10 measurements were collected using a handheld DustTrak (TM) meter simultaneously with the remotely sensed data acquisition. The PCI Geomatica version 9.1 digital image processing software was used in all image-processing analysis. An algorithm was developed based on the atmospheric optical characteristic. The digital numbers were extracted corresponding to the ground-truth locations for each band and then converted into radiance and reflectance values. The reflectance measured from the satellite [reflectance at the top of atmospheric, rho(TOA)] was subtracted by the amount given by the surface reflectance to obtain the atmospheric reflectance. Then the atmospheric reflectance was related to the PM10 using regression analysis. These atmospheric reflectance values were used for calibration of the PM10 algorithm. The developed algorithm was used to correlate the digital signal and the PM10 concentration. The proposed algorithm produced a high correlation coefficient (R) and low root-mean-square error (RMS). The PM10 concentration was generated using this algorithm over the water surface of Penang straits.