Online Adaptation Boosts SSVEP-Based BCI Performance

Objective: A user-friendly steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) prefers no calibration for its target recognition algorithm, however, the existing calibration-free schemes perform still far behind their calibration-based counterparts. To tackle this issue, learning online from the subject's unlabeled data is investigated as a potential approach to boost the performance of the calibration-free SSVEP-based BCIs. Methods: An online adaptation scheme is developed to tune the spatial filters using the online unlabeled data from previous trials, and then developing the online adaptive canonical correlation analysis (OACCA) method. Results: A simulation study on two public SSVEP datasets (Dataset I and II) with a total of 105 subjects demonstrated that the proposed online adaptation scheme can boost the CCA's averaged information transfer rate (ITR) from 94.60 to 158.87 bits/min in Dataset I and from 85.80 to 123.91 bits/min in Dataset II. Furthermore, in our online experiment it boosted the CCA's ITR from 55.81 bits/min to 95.73 bits/min. More importantly, this online adaptation scheme can be easily combined with any spatial filtering-based algorithms to achieve online learning. Conclusion: By online adaptation, the proposed OACCA performed much better than the calibration-free CCA, and comparable to the calibration-based algorithms. Significance: This work provides a general way for the SSVEP-based BCIs to learn online from unlabeled data and thus avoid calibration.