Piperazine-substituted chalcones: a new class of MAO-B, AChE, and BACE-1 inhibitors for the treatment of neurological disorders

Eleven piperazine-containing 1,3-diphenylprop-2-en-1-one derivatives (PC1-PC11) were evaluated for their inhibitory activities against monoamine oxidases (MAOs), cholinesterases (ChEs), and beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1) with a view toward developing new treatments for neurological disorders. Compounds PC10 and PC11 remarkably inhibited MAO-B with IC50 values of 0.65 and 0.71 mu M, respectively. Ten of the eleven compounds weakly inhibited AChE and BChE with > 50% of residual activities at 10 mu M, although PC4 inhibited AChE by 56.6% (IC50 = 8.77 mu M). Compound PC3 effectively inhibited BACE-1 (IC50 = 6.72 mu M), and PC10 and PC11 moderately inhibited BACE-1 (IC50 =14.9 and 15.3 mu M, respectively). Reversibility and kinetic studies showed that PC10 and PC11 were reversible and competitive inhibitors of MAO-B with K-i values of 0.63 +/- 0.13 and 0.53 +/- 0.068 mu M, respectively. ADME predictions for lead compounds revealed that PC10 and PC11 have central nervous system (CNS) drug-likeness. Molecular docking simulations showed that fluorine atom and trifluoromethyl group on PC10 and PC11, respectively, interacted with the substrate cavity of the MAO-B active site. Our results suggested that PC10 and PC11 can be considered potential candidates for the treatment of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.