Ethical principles of research in human beings and in animals.

All research on specific clinical aspects of human health and of patient-investigating-community-ecosystem must be based philosophically on ethical principles which are not rigid rules but reference guides to humanize all research processes. We analyze the following principles: integrity/totality; respect for the individual which includes the ethical duties of no wrongdoing and autonomy; welfare, equity/justice. And for research in animals we include the principle of respect for the ecosystem. The international statements of the AMM and of the CIOMS are formulations containing protective ethical principles of human rights and humanitarian practices in animal research and they are of essential importance in any research.