Primary Rhabdomyosarcoma of the Pleura: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Rhabdomyosarcoma is a malignant tumor of striated muscle tissue that can exceptionally present in the pleura. Its prognosis is generally poor. We report a case of an eight-year-old child admitted for a persistent dry cough which had progressed for three weeks, complicated by breathing difficulties and a deterioration in general condition. He had a history of recent contact with an uncle with pulmonary tuberculosis. Clinical examination on admission revealed right pleural effusion syndrome with moderate respiratory repercussion. The biological assessment shows moderate inflammation and a very high level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Radiologically, there was abundant right pleurisy with intra-pleural nodular masses without ipsilateral pulmonary invasion or other distant localization. Pleural puncture reveals exudative lymphocytic fluid with negative tuberculous polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and atypical cells in cytology. Biopsy of the pleural mass showed pleural rhabdomyosarcoma of the alveolar type. The pet scan found bone metastases at two costal arches. After conditioning, the child received several courses of chemotherapy. The clinical and radiological outcome was favorable. This case is reported in view of its rarity and originality. We conclude that early diagnosis and treatment greatly improves the prognosis of this aggressive tumor.