Source rock maturity evaluation and its implications for regional petroleum charge, Sirt Basin, Libya: Insights from regional geochemical assessments and modelling study

Six marine and lacustrine source rocks were studied to define their thermal maturation levels in the largest, youngest, and most productive petroliferous sedimentary basin in Libya (Sirt Basin). From the oldest to the youngest, the studied source rock formations were: 1) Middle Nubian; 2) Etel; 3) Rachmat; 4) Sirte; 5) Kalash; and 6) Hagfa. The calibrated basin modelling studies (1D, 2D, and 3D) were used to generate regional maturation maps for each source rock in the basin. Thermal maturity calibration was carried out at different levels utilising measured and simulated vitrinite reflectance (VRo), pyrolysis T-max data, and 39 typical wells for burial history modelling and geochemical screening. Corrected bottom hole temperature data were used to obtain the geothermal gradient and heat flow throughout the basin. The thermal gradient and heat flow analyses results indicated that the Sirt Basin has an average geothermal gradient of approximately 1.58 degrees F/100 ft and an average heat flow of 72 m.W.m(-2) with a systematic heat flow increase toward the basin platforms and a decrease toward the basin troughs. The conducted assessments in the Sirt Basin presented different levels of source rocks thermal maturity due to variable burial depths, with an average VRo range of 0.35%-2%. The lower Cretaceous source rocks were subjected to higher degrees of diagenesis of organic matter (i.e. mid-to over-mature rocks), with an average VRo of 0.9%-2%. In contrast, the Upper Cretaceous source rocks demonstrated a wide range of thermal maturity (from marginally to late mature) in the deepest part of the Sirt Basin (Ajdabiya trough), whereas the late Palaeocene source rocks entered the mid-to late-maturity levels in the Wadayet trough (North Ajdabiya trough).