[1] Univ Alabama Birmingham, Ctr Injury Sci, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
[2] Univ Alabama Birmingham, Sect Trauma Burns & Surg Crit Care, Div Gen Surg, Dept Surg,Sch Med, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
[3] Univ Alabama Birmingham, Dept Epidemiol & Int Hlth, Sch Publ Hlth, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA