Supply chain resilience: a multi-level framework

There is increasing research interest on how to build resilient supply chains. Despite this widespread interest, very few studies have directly explored resilience at different levels of analysis. The goal of this paper is to bridge that gap by developing a multi-level framework that describes supply chain resilience as a higher-level construct, arising out of the coalescing of resilience at the individual, organisational, and inter-organisational levels. The paper develops a multilevel framework focusing on key antecedents and moderators of resilience at the individual, organisational and supply chain levels. The framework includes cross-level interactions and demonstrates how behaviours at lower levels have an upward influence on supply chain resilience. Both practitioners and researchers would benefit from a multilevel approach because such frameworks account for interactions and complexities between variables at different levels and in so doing directs attention to important areas where we can intervene to build resilient supply chains.