ω-Carboxyl variants of 7-ketocholesteryl esters are ligands for β2-glycoprotein I and mediate antibody-dependent uptake of oxidized LDL by macrophages

beta(2)-Glycoprotein I (beta(2)-GPI) is a major antigen for anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL, Abs) present in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. We recently reported that beta(2)-GPI specifically binds to oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and that the beta(2)-GPI's major ligand, oxLig-1 is 7-ketocholesteryl-9-carboxynonanoate (Kobayashi, K, E. Matsuura, Q. P. Liu, J. Furukawa, K. Kaihara, J. Inagaki, T. Atsumi, N. Sakairi, T. Yasuda, D. R. Welker, and T. Koike. 2001. A specific ligand for beta(2)-glycoprotein I mediates autoantibody-dependent uptake of oxidized low density lipoprotein by macrophages. J Lipid Res. 42: 697-709). In the present study, we demonstrate that omega-carboxylated 7-ketocholesteryl esters are critical for beta(2)-GPI binding. A positive ion mass spectrum of a novel ligand, designated oxLig-2, showed fragmented ions at m/z 383 and 441 in the presence of acetone, which share features of oxLig-1 and 7-ketocholesterol. In the negative ion mode, ions at m/z 627, 625, and 243 were observed. oxLig-2 was most likely 7-ketocholesteryl-12-carboxy (keto) dodecanoate. These ligands were recognized by beta(2)-GPI. Liposome binding to macrophages was significantly increased depending on the ligand's concentration, in the presence of beta(2)-GPI and an anti-beta(2)-GPI Ab. Synthesized variant, 7-ketocholesteryl-13-carboxytxidecanoate (13-COOH-7KC), also showed a significant interaction with beta(2)-GPI and a similar binding profile with macrophages. Methylation of the carboxyl function diminished all of the specific ligand interactions with beta(2)-GPI. Thus, omega-carboxyl variants of 7-ketocholesteryl esters can mediate anti-beta(2)-GPI Ab-dependent uptake of oxLDL by macrophages, and autoimmune atherogenesis linked to beta(2)-GPI interaction with oxLDL.