Proper handling of bulk solids to avoid flow problems and product degradation in the ceramic industry

The design of a silo has a significant influence on the running of a plant. The layout of the silo must make provision for the process requirements as well as the flow properties of the bulk solid to be stored. Furthermore, a suitable discharge system must be selected. Only trouble-free interaction between the silo and the discharge system can provide the basis for the smooth operation of the plant and meet all requirements. During the storage of bulk solids in silos, problems such as bridging, piping, irregular flow, segregation or a wide residence time distribution can occur. Attrition of particles is a further problem. This is caused by the relative movement of the particles while the stresses in the silo are acting on them. Attrition is not restricted to silos with the above-mentioned flow problems. Even in silos with otherwise faultless performance, particles may become broken. Two examples of storage applications are described to demonstrate how a properly designed silo can avoid plant shut-downs and ensure the quality of the bulk solid.