Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Paleoproterozoic rhyolite-hosted zinc-rich metamorphosed volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits in the eastern Betul Belt, central India

The Palaeoproterozoic Betul Belt in central India contains several small base metal (Zn-Cu and Zn-Pb-Cu) deposits that are hosted by felsic volcanics which form part of a bimodal volcanic suite. Although a volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) origin has been attributed to these deposits, they are not well-defined based on modern classification criteria. Regionally, the volcanic facies association around the Bhuyari zinc prospect includes massive rhyolite, pillowed basalt, rhyolitic autobreccia, hyaloclastite and peperite that indicate volcanism and sedimentation in relatively deep water. At the deposit-scale, the mineralization is hosted by intensely altered massive quartz-porphyritic rhyolite and associated tremolite-carbonate rock. Alteration facies mapping show a zoned alteration system with an inner phlogopite-biotite-chlorite-garnet-rich core (BPG schist; interpreted as having a chlorite-rich protolith) and an outer quartz-muscovite-K-feldspar zone (QMK schist; sericite-rich protolith). Metamorphism was largely isochemical and the mineral assemblages are amphibolite facies equivalents of hydrothermally altered protoliths. Tremolite-carbonate rocks are spatially close to mineralization and are interpreted either as metaexhalites or intensely altered rhyolite and probably had talc-dolomite protoliths. Carbon and oxygen isotope signatures of carbonate show derivation from seawater-dominant hydrothermal solutions. Tremolite-carbonate and some BPG schist show enrichment in HREE indicating hydrothermal mobilization of REE. Geochemically, the least-altered rhyolite has transitional magmatic affinities with moderate negative Nb anomaly and strong negative Sr, and Ti anomalies. Mantle upwelling and the associated high-heat source generated high-temperature, high-silica rhyolites with elevated HSFE and REE contents. Emplacement of felsic melts at depth provided heat that drove hydrothermal fluid circulation and formation of zinc-rich mineralization and associated hydrothermal alteration zones. Pb-model ages of galena give similar to 1800 Ma using the Stacey and Kramers (1975) model for VMS mineralization in Bhuyari. The Bhuyari deposit possibly formed in a continental back-arc rift environment during the amalgamation of Bastar and Bundelkhand cratons along the Central Indian Tectonic Zone. The high HFSE-REE contents of Bhuyari rhyolites are similar to other highly prospective VMS districts formed by rifting of evolved continental crust. The recognition of metamorphosed VMS deposit at Bhuyari has implications for further exploration of such deposits along the Paleoproterozoic Betul Belt and similar-aged deformed terrains in India and elsewhere.