A low-power, low-noise, and low-cost VGA for second harmonic imaging ultrasound probes

Since the new generation of ultrasound imaging probes will integrate thousands of receive and transmit channels into a single probe, the power, noise, and chip cost become the top challenges for the analog front end of ultrasound imaging probes. This paper investigates a low-power, low-noise, and low-cost single-end-ed to differential variable gain amplifier (VGA) for 2-6-MHz second harmonic imaging ultrasound probes in a 0.18 mu m CMOS technology. The proposed VGA has two stages. The first stage is an inverter-based voltage sampling switched-capacitor VGA (SC-VGA) with a 6b binary-weighted gain control, and the second stage is a 4b thermometer continuous-time amplifier with tunable gain that implements the single-end to differential conversion. Power consumption and noise are highly improved by adopting an inverter to replace the operational trans-conductance amplifier (OTA) that is commonly employed in traditional SC-VGAs. Flicker noise and DC offset are canceled out by using an auto-zeroing technique. While the small layout size is achieved not only by adopting a dividing capacitor which separates the 6b binary-weighted capacitor (CAP) array between the upper 3b and lower 3b to decrease the capacitance spread in the first stage, but also by employing a common-source amplifier as a single-ended to differential converter instead of the SC-amplifier to avoid the CAP arrays. The proposed VGA has a total gain range from - 9dB to 22dB. The power consumption for the core analog circuitry is 140 mu A at 1V supply voltage. The input referred noise is 8nV/root Hz at the center frequency of 4MHz, and the second harmonic distortion (HD2) is -61dB at a 400mV peak to peak output swing with a 30MHz sampling frequency. The layout size is 109 mu mx164 mu m.