Sensors, transducers and expert-systems

The measurement of temperature ( thermometry) is becoming increasingly important in many fields of activity, especially in metallurgical industries ( like aluminum, iron and steel,..... etc). The need of better techniques and improved accuracy is also constantly present, especially used in process control with expert systems as mentioned in the last part of this paper. This paper describes in four parts all needed information's ( in practical works with a minimum of mathematics) related to the temperature sensors, and its concerned measuring and control systems ( Expert systems). The first and second parts describes the two main types of temperature sensors, that are current available, there are thermocouples and resistance thermometer and the others are touched (thermistor, I. C sensor.... etc). These ( four) parts covered very interested information needed for persons who are working in practical fields of measuring and control systems, ( especially in experts systems) -, These information's are as follows :Principles and Typical components, specifications, voltage / temperature conversion, junctions and time response, selection guides, resistance Element characteristics of RTD's, Comparison of temperature measuring systems, comparison between different sensors, sensor selection guide, smart field devices and Artificial Intelligence ( AI), ( Expert systems), and finally digital control systems and computer control levels based on sensors, involved with two practical examples, Which are designed and executed by the author.