Depressive symptoms are associated with obesity in adults with heart failure: An analysis of gender differences

Background: Depression is a predictor and consequence of obesity in the general population. Up to 50% of patients with heart failure exhibit elevated depressive symptoms or depressive disorders; however, research on the depression-obesity relationship in heart failure populations is limited, especially in regard to gender differences. Aims: To conduct total-sample and gender-stratified analyses to determine whether depressive symptoms are associated with body mass index (BMI) in a sample of patients with heart failure. Method: Participants were 348 (39% female, 26% non-White) patients with heart failure (aged 68.79.7 years) recruited from urban medical centers. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Height and weight were used to compute BMI (kg/m(2)). Regressions were performed for total sample and both genders. Regressions for BMI were run with demographic, medical, and psychological covariates in Step 1 and the PHQ-9 in Step 2. Results: Regression results (total sample) revealed that the PHQ-9 was associated with BMI after adjusting for covariates (=.22, p=.004). For males, the relationship between PHQ-9 and BMI remained (=.23, p=.024) and was driven by those with severe obesity (BMI 40 kg/m(2)). A trend between PHQ-9 and BMI was detected among females (=.19, p=.091). Conclusion: BMI is related to depressive symptoms in adults with heart failure even after adjusting for demographic and medical covariates. Depressive symptoms were associated with BMI in males, whereas a trend was detected among females. These findings could ultimately be used to improve heart failure outcomes for depressed, obese individuals with heart failure.