State of the art grouting in Japan

A contamination accident in Japan resulted in terminating use of all polymer-based grouts and inspired development of safer sodium silicates and new injection methods in chemical grouting. Efforts to overcome some of the problems of chemical grouting gave birth to jet grouting. Progress in jet grouting technology making use of fluid dynamics, has enabled a larger improvement and a better mix, thereby achieving higher quality and more cost effective results. Data accumulated through experience in soft rock grouting are analyzed by an AI computer system and are used to edit the guideline for dam grouting. Robots are also playing a vital role in dam grouting. The paper traces the general developments of these grouting techniques.