Erosion-corrosion of heat exchanger tubes

The shell and tube heat exchanger failed before 5 years of operation. The failure was caused by pits on the tube outside surface developing until its perforation. Inside the Cu-DHP tubes in soft temper a cooling agent circulated to cool down industrial water at the shell side from 16 to 4 degrees C. The cooled water was hard, rich in chloride ions with relatively low sulphate ions concentration and pH ranging from 4 to 7. The leaking tubes were subject to standard metallographic examination, hardness measurement, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy dispersion analysis. It was found that the tube damage was caused by erosion-corrosion induced by two factors: disturbed flow of water containing suspended solid particles and chemical composition of water rich in chlorides that resulted in loss of stability of protective cuprous oxide layer. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.