Feeding practices and other risk factors for developing transfusion-associated necrotizing enterocolitis

Aims: The objective of this study is to determine the incidence of and risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and transfusion-associated NEC (TANEC) in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants pre/post implementation of a pen-transfusion feeding protocol. Study design: A retrospective cohort study was conducted including all inborn VLBW infants admitted to the Duke intensive care nursery from 2002 to 2010. We defined NEC using Bell's modified criteria IIA and higher and TANEC as NEC occurring within 48 h of a packed red blood cell (pRBC) transfusion. We compared demographic and laboratory data for TANEC vs. other NEC infants and the incidence of TANEC pre/post implementation of our pen-transfusion feeding protocol. We also assessed the relationship between pre-transfusion hematocrit and pRBC unit age with TANEC. Results: A total of 148/1380 (10.7%) infants developed NEC. Incidence of NEC decreased after initiating our peritransfusion feeding protocol: 126/939 (12%) to 22/293 (7%), P = 0.01. The proportion of TANEC did not change: 51/126(41%) vs. 9/22(41%), P > 0.99. TANEC infants were smaller, more likely to develop surgical NEC, and had lower mean pre-transfusion hematocrits prior to their TANEC transfusions compared with all other transfusions before their NEC episode: 28% vs. 33%, P < 0.001. Risk of TANEC was inversely related to pre-transfusion hematocrit: odds ratio 0.87 (0.79-0.95). Conclusions: Pre-transfusion hematocrit is inversely related to risk of TANEC, which suggests that temporally maintaining a higher baseline hemoglobin in infants most at risk of NEC may be protective. The lack of difference in TANEC pre-/post-implementation of our pen-transfusion feeding protocol, despite an overall temporal decrease in NEC, suggests that other unmeasured interventions may account for the observed decreased incidence of NEC. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.