Chemical, Molecular, and Microstructural Evolution of Kerogen during Thermal Maturation: Case Study from the Woodford Shale of Oklahoma

Integrated elemental, spectroscopic (infrared spectroscopy and X-ray absorption near-edge structure), and gas intrusion (helium pycnometry and nitrogen adsorption) analyses are used to characterize the bulk chemical, molecular, and physical microstructures of kerogen spanning a thermal maturity transect (vitrinite reflectance, Ro, from 0.5% to 2.6%) across the Woodford Shale of the Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma. The integration takes advantage of novel procedures to prepare kerogen isolates that preserve both the chemical and physical properties of the organic matter in the bulk shale. The Woodford kerogens follow the expected trends in H/C and O/C coordinates during thermal maturation for type II kerogen. Infrared spectra show that loss of hydrogen from kerogen is related to cracking of hydrogen-rich aliphatic (alkyl) carbon structures from aromatic carbons. Within the range of Ro values < 1.5%, peripheral aromatic carbons remain highly substituted with alkyl (methyl and methylene) and probably heteroatom functional groups. At Ro values > 1.5%, these substitutions are substantially removed and replaced by hydrogen. The evolution of carbon structures inferred from the IR spectra is supported by known carbon bond dissociation energies for carbonaceous materials. Total organic sulfur and sulfur-XANES data show that sulfur in Woodford kerogens is dominated by aromatic sulfur (thiophene) and that reactive, aliphatic sulfur (sulfide) is eliminated at low degrees of thermal stress (Ro <= 0.9%). At higher thermal stress, sulfur speciation is stable and dominated by thermally stable thiophene. The physical properties of Woodford kerogens evolve during thermal maturation in a manner consistent with their molecular characteristics. Skeletal density of kerogen increases during maturation in a manner that is linearly correlated to its atomic H/C ratio and inferred aromatic carbon content. The specific surface area of kerogen also increases during maturation, reflecting the development of internal pores within the kerogen skeletal framework as aliphatic carbon structures are preferentially cracked and expelled from solid kerogen. The quantitative chemical and structural changes expressed by the Woodford kerogens during thermal maturation, including their hydrogen and carbon content, carbon speciation, and skeletal density, are shown by comparison to not be measurably different for other type II kerogens from numerous oil- and gas-producing shale plays, indicating that thermal stress acts to drive maturation of type II kerogen in a similar way globally.